Cherwell
South East · EnglandEthnic composition trajectory
Census 2011 and 2021 observed, Hamilton-Perry projections to 2061. Shaded band shows 80% confidence interval for White British share.
Ethnic composition, Cherwell
White British White Other Asian Mixed 80% CI
Ethnic composition: Cherwell
Census 2011, Census 2021, then Hamilton-Perry projections to 2051. Percentages.
White British White Other Asian Black Mixed Other
Two-model comparison: White British, 2051
±7.4pp spread Hamilton-Perry (HP) central 46.2% Cohort change ratios from Census 2011 to 2021. Demographic momentum only, no fertility convergence.
Cohort-component 53.6% Births by ethnicity-specific total fertility rate (TFR) with half-convergence to the national mean by 2061. Slower change.
Two independent models trained on the same Census base disagree by 7.4pp on White British share in Cherwell by 2051. HP captures observed 2011 to 2021 cohort dynamics. The cohort-component model adds explicit fertility assumptions that pull projections toward the national mean. The chart above shows HP. See the methodology for why both numbers are published.
Scenario explorer
Under different assumptions, White British share in Cherwell ranges from 48.6% to 62.2% by 2051: a 13.6pp spread.
Fertility
Low ~108k/yr
Principal ~315k/yr
High ~476k/yr
Constant Rates stay at current levels
Half convergence Move halfway to national avg
Full convergence Converge to national avg
Migration
Central scenario: WBI 53.8% by 2051
Diversity index
moderately diverse Shannon entropy: 0.46 · Dissimilarity: 7.6
Religion
Census 2021 religious composition with projections to 2051.
Religious composition trajectory
Christian No religion Muslim
Country of birth
UK-born vs foreign-born share, with projection to 2051.
Nativity trajectory
UK-born Foreign-born
English proficiency
Census 2021
Main language English90.7%
Main language not English9.3%
Cannot speak English well1.2%
Cannot speak English at all0.2%
Total population 3+155,493
ONS Census 2021 (TS029) via NOMIS. Reference date 21 March 2021.
Projection
Projected non-English growth +19.9pp
Interpreter demand is manageable at current levels.
Service demand pressure
Ethnic change20/20
Asylum4/20
School0/20
Language0/20
Housing20/20
New arrivals (NINo registrations)
Adults from overseas registering for a National Insurance number, rolling year ending Oct-25 to Dec-25. Cherwell ranks at the 54th percentile nationally for total NINo registrations.
Registrations (rolling year)674
Year-on-year -18.0%
NationalityRegistrationsShare
India 111 16.5%
Pakistan 66 9.8%
Nigeria 36 5.3%
Romania 32 4.7%
China 28 4.2%
United States 27 4.0%
Ukraine 26 3.9%
Afghanistan 26 3.9%
Brazil 25 3.7%
Zimbabwe 23 3.4%
DWP National Insurance number allocations to adult overseas nationals (Stat-Xplore NINO database).. NINo registrations measure new arrivals into the National Insurance system, not total foreign-born population. A NINo is allocated when an overseas national requests one, usually to start work or claim benefits, so the figure misses students and dependants who never enter the labour market. Small (LA × nationality) cells are suppressed by Stat-Xplore for disclosure control.
Arrivals over the last 24 years
Annual NINo registrations to adults from overseas in Cherwell from 2002 to 2025, alongside the UK total for context. The peak year was 2016 (1,985 registrations). Total over the full period: 27,282 registrations.
DWP Stat-Xplore, NINO Registrations to Adult Overseas Nationals Entering the UK (Ninos cube), aggregated per calendar year by summing the four constituent quarters. Geography: ONS LA codes. Counts are NEW NINo registrations per calendar year. A NINo is issued once per person at the point of first work or claim, so this is a flow measure, not a stock. People who arrive but never register (some students, dependants, retirees) are excluded. Late registrations show in a later year than the year of arrival. Pre-2010 figures used a different administrative system; series is comparable but small methodological revisions to the early years are possible.
Who is arriving
Age and sex profile of 795 NINo registrations to adults from overseas in Cherwell in 2025. National comparison shown alongside.
Age at registration
Cherwell UK marker
Sex
Male share is 7.5pp lower than the UK average (54.4%).
DWP Stat-Xplore Ninos cube, LA × Age band × Sex, rolling year ending Q4 2025 (Jan-Dec 2025 calendar year). Counts are NEW NINo registrations to adult overseas nationals. Age is age at NINo registration, not age at arrival. The registration may follow arrival by months. 'Less than 18' is rare in this dataset because the published Ninos series is filtered to adult overseas nationals; values reflect young workers/claimants close to 18. 'Unknown' age is a small residual.
Why people are coming
For each of the top arriving nationalities in Cherwell, this is the national mix of visa routes used in 2025. It shows whether arrivals from that country are typically students, workers, on family routes (including refugee family reunion), or in some other category. Local-authority breakdowns of visa routes are not published, so we apply the national mix at nationality level.
India 111 in Cherwell (16.5%)
Pakistan 66 in Cherwell (9.8%)
Nigeria 36 in Cherwell (5.3%)
Romania 32 in Cherwell (4.7%)
China 28 in Cherwell (4.2%)
Home Office, Immigration system statistics, year ending March 2026 (released 21 May 2026); Vis_D02 (Entry clearance visa outcomes by nationality, visa type, and outcome). Joined with DWP Stat-Xplore NINo registrations rolling year ending Q4 2025. Visa grants are issued at the point of entry-clearance application and are NOT the same population as NINo registrations. Visitor visas (2.24 million in 2025) do not lead to NINo and are excluded from the route-mix percentages so the Work / Study / Family / Other proportions are interpretable. Humanitarian routes (BN(O), Ukraine schemes, Resettlement, Asylum) are surfaced as national totals only because the same nationality split is not provided in this dataset. EU/EEA nationals largely fall outside entry-clearance for short stays, so their NINo flow is materially understated by visa data alone.
How Cherwell changed: 2011 to 2021
Two snapshots from two consecutive Censuses, ten years apart. Population changed from 141,868 in 2011 to 161,017 in 2021 (+13.5%). Non-UK-born residents went from 16,095 (11.3% of population) to 28,332 (17.6%).
Group 2011 2021 Change
UK-born 125,773 88.7% 132,685 82.4% +6,912
Ireland-born 899 0.6% 816 0.5% -83
EU pre-2001 (France, Germany, Italy, etc.) 2,469 1.7% 4,019 2.5% +1,550
EU 2001-2011 accession (Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, etc.) 3,384 2.4% 8,807 5.5% +5,423
Rest of World 9,343 6.6% 14,690 9.1% +5,347
Source: ONS Census 2011 KS204EW (NOMIS NM_611_1) and Census 2021 TS012 (NOMIS NM_2032_1), aligned to broad country-of-birth groups. 2011 data uses 2011 LA boundaries; 2021 data uses 2023 boundaries. LAs whose ONS code changed between Censuses (Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire, North Yorkshire, Somerset reorganisations) are not in this comparison.
Schools, first language
Across 73 state-funded schools in Cherwell (24,615 pupils, 2024/25), 20.4% have a first language other than English. The published Oxfordshire-wide upper-tier figure is much lower because it averages every district in the county; this is the genuine Cherwell number.
Pupils with first language other than English4,695 (20.4%)
Pupils with first language English18,277 (79.4%)
Free school meals18.3%
Source: DfE Schools, Pupils and their Characteristics 2024/25, school-level data aggregated to district. EAL (English as Additional Language) is a household-level signal: children born in the UK to non-English-speaking households count as EAL.
South East labour market
Payrolled employments in the South East region (December 2024). Provides Cherwell with regional context. Local-authority RTI is not published; the region is the smallest geography for HMRC's nationality breakdown.
Total employments4,551,700
Non-UK share19.7%
5-year change · Non-EU +256,300
5-year change · EU -40,200
Top industries by non-UK share (South East)
Administrative and support services 30.7%
Health and social work 30.3%
Accommodation and food service activities 28.7%
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 24.7%
Mining and Quarrying 21.4%
Source: HMRC Real Time Information via ONS, payrolled employments by region and industrial sector, July 2014 to December 2024. Counts are employments not employees; suppressed cells appear as missing.
Crime
Police-recorded crime rates per 1,000 population, Year ending March 2024. Cherwell ranks at the 44th percentile nationally for total crime rate.
Total crime / 1k69.7
Violent crime / 1k27.1
Theft / 1k22.8
ASB / 1k7.4
Drug offences / 1k2.2
Year-on-year -5.4%
ONS recorded crime by Community Safety Partnership area, year ending March 2024 (Home Office police recorded crime). LA-level rates are CSP rates inherited where multiple LAs share a CSP.. Police recorded crime is shaped by recording practice, reporting rates, and policing priority. Cross-area comparison must take account of those factors. Hate crime and quality-of-life detail are not in this file.
Adult social care
Adult social care for Cherwell residents is delivered by Oxfordshire County Council. Figures below are the county-wide ASC profile.
Council ASC spend, residential placements, and quality-of-life outcomes, 2023-24. Spend per head sits at the 0th percentile nationally.
NHS Digital ASCFR & SALT data tables 2023-24 (CASSR-level). Quality-of-life and DToC fields omitted (DToC discontinued post-COVID; ASCOF measures live in a separate publication).. ASC sits with upper-tier authorities only (counties, unitaries, London boroughs, mets); ~153 LAs in coverage and districts are not present. Spending is shaped by demographic composition, deprivation, and informal-care availability and direct cross-area comparison must control for those.
Health by ethnic group
Share reporting "not good health" in each of Cherwell's largest ethnic groups, Census 2021.
White 15.6%
White: English 16.5%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller 7.5%
ONS Census 2021 (RM043 - General health by ethnic group by age) via NOMIS. All ages, no age-standardisation: younger ethnic-group populations will show lower rates partly because they're younger, not necessarily because they're healthier. Group labels shortened for display.
How NHS care for overseas residents is funded (national context)
Most non-UK residents in Cherwell pay for NHS care up-front through the Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS), which is added to most visa applications. Asylum seekers, refugees, ILR holders and Irish citizens are exempt. Visitors and undocumented residents are charged at 150% of the national NHS tariff. The figures below are England + Wales national totals; per-LA NHS cost-recovery is not centrally published.
Current IHS rate (adult, per year) £1,035
IHS rate, students/under-18s (per year) £776
IHS revenue 2024/25 (£m) £1,315.6m
Cumulative IHS revenue 2015–2024 £6.9bn
IHS rate history
- From 2015-04-06: £200/year adult, £150/year students/under-18s
- From 2019-01-08: £400/year adult, £300/year students/under-18s
- From 2020-10-27: £624/year adult, £470/year students/under-18s
- From 2024-02-06: £1035/year adult, £776/year students/under-18s
Indicative charges for visitors and undocumented residents
Maternity care is classified as "immediately necessary": it cannot be refused or delayed for charging, but it is invoiced afterwards at 150% of the NHS national tariff.
- Routine vaginal delivery, no complications: £3,000–£5,500
- Caesarean section: £5,000–£7,500
- Premature birth with NICU stay: £15,000–£30,000+
- Antenatal appointment: £150–£400 each
Sources: NHS (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Regulations 2015 (as amended); Home Office IHS caseworker guidance (Sept 2025); House of Commons Library briefing CBP-7274; NHS England NHS Payment Scheme (national tariff). Approximately 80% of identified overseas-visitor debt across all NHS treatment is uncollected (NAO, follow-up scrutiny).
Economic profile
Avg employment rate62.5%
Avg home ownership61.1%
Avg social rent12.2%
Degree or above32.4%
No qualifications14.8%
Housing
Composition today
How dwellings in Cherwell are occupied. Single-person households and houses in multiple occupation are the two cleanest signals.
Single-person discount take-up30.2%
Dwellings on 25% single-person discount21,248
HMO dwellings (Census 2021)239
HMOs per 1,000 population1.48
Sources: MHCLG Council Taxbase 2024 (CTB1, snapshot 7 October 2024) for single-person discount; ONS Census 2021 RM192 for HMO dwellings. HMO Census numbers reflect dwellings classified as HMO on Census Day; current licensing registers held by individual councils are not centrally published.
Tenure by ethnic group
Household ownership rates for Cherwell's largest ethnic groups, Census 2021.
White: owned 67.9%
White: English: owned 71.2%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller: owned 37.8%
ONS Census 2021 (RM134 - Tenure by ethnic group, Household Reference Persons) via NOMIS. Group labels shortened for display.
Tenure projection
Census 2021 tenure patterns by ethnicity, projected to 2041 from demographic composition change.
Ownership (2021)61.1%
Social rent (2021)12.2%
Private rent (2021)18.9%
Ownership (2041)53.8%
Social rent (2041)10.9%
Social rent change-1.4pp
High foreign-born population growth will drive additional housing demand, particularly in the private rented sector.
Westminster constituencies
Parliamentary constituencies overlapping Cherwell, sorted by share of LA postcodes the constituency covers.
Asylum and immigration data
Asylum seekers on support, hotel costs, grant rates, and the True Cost of Asylum for this area.
View Cherwell on Asylum Stats →