York
Yorkshire and The Humber · EnglandEthnic composition trajectory
Census 2011 and 2021 observed, Hamilton-Perry projections to 2061. Shaded band shows 80% confidence interval for White British share.
Ethnic composition, York
White British White Other Asian Mixed 80% CI
Ethnic composition: York
Census 2011, Census 2021, then Hamilton-Perry projections to 2051. Percentages.
White British White Other Asian Black Mixed Other
Two-model comparison: White British, 2051
±18.4pp spread Hamilton-Perry (HP) central 78.0% Cohort change ratios from Census 2011 to 2021. Demographic momentum only, no fertility convergence.
Cohort-component 59.7% Births by ethnicity-specific total fertility rate (TFR) with half-convergence to the national mean by 2061. Slower change.
Two independent models trained on the same Census base disagree by 18.4pp on White British share in York by 2051. HP captures observed 2011 to 2021 cohort dynamics. The cohort-component model adds explicit fertility assumptions that pull projections toward the national mean. The chart above shows HP. See the methodology for why both numbers are published.
Scenario explorer
Under different assumptions, White British share in York ranges from 61.0% to 74.8% by 2051: a 13.7pp spread.
Fertility
Low ~108k/yr
Principal ~315k/yr
High ~476k/yr
Constant Rates stay at current levels
Half convergence Move halfway to national avg
Full convergence Converge to national avg
Migration
Central scenario: WBI 66.4% by 2051
Diversity index
moderately diverse Shannon entropy: 0.31 · Dissimilarity: 13.0
Religion
Census 2021 religious composition with projections to 2051.
Religious composition trajectory
Christian No religion
Country of birth
UK-born vs foreign-born share, with projection to 2051.
Nativity trajectory
UK-born Foreign-born
English proficiency
Census 2021
Main language English94.9%
Main language not English5.1%
Cannot speak English well0.6%
Cannot speak English at all0.1%
Total population 3+197,734
ONS Census 2021 (TS029) via NOMIS. Reference date 21 March 2021.
Projection
Projected non-English growth +5.7pp
Interpreter demand is manageable at current levels.
Service demand pressure
Ethnic change9/20
Asylum7/20
School5/20
Language0/20
Housing13/20
New arrivals (NINo registrations)
Adults from overseas registering for a National Insurance number, rolling year ending Oct-25 to Dec-25. York ranks at the 73th percentile nationally for total NINo registrations.
Registrations (rolling year)1,585
Year-on-year -6.1%
NationalityRegistrationsShare
India 222 14.0%
China 159 10.0%
Nepal 137 8.6%
Nigeria 124 7.8%
Spain 110 6.9%
United States 90 5.7%
Bhutan 74 4.7%
Pakistan 62 3.9%
Iran 57 3.6%
Turkey 38 2.4%
DWP National Insurance number allocations to adult overseas nationals (Stat-Xplore NINO database).. NINo registrations measure new arrivals into the National Insurance system, not total foreign-born population. A NINo is allocated when an overseas national requests one, usually to start work or claim benefits, so the figure misses students and dependants who never enter the labour market. Small (LA × nationality) cells are suppressed by Stat-Xplore for disclosure control.
Arrivals over the last 24 years
Annual NINo registrations to adults from overseas in York from 2002 to 2025, alongside the UK total for context. The peak year was 2023 (2,885 registrations). Total over the full period: 31,568 registrations.
DWP Stat-Xplore, NINO Registrations to Adult Overseas Nationals Entering the UK (Ninos cube), aggregated per calendar year by summing the four constituent quarters. Geography: ONS LA codes. Counts are NEW NINo registrations per calendar year. A NINo is issued once per person at the point of first work or claim, so this is a flow measure, not a stock. People who arrive but never register (some students, dependants, retirees) are excluded. Late registrations show in a later year than the year of arrival. Pre-2010 figures used a different administrative system; series is comparable but small methodological revisions to the early years are possible.
Who is arriving
Age and sex profile of 1,734 NINo registrations to adults from overseas in York in 2025. National comparison shown alongside.
Age at registration
York UK marker
Sex
Male share is 7.9pp lower than the UK average (54.4%).
DWP Stat-Xplore Ninos cube, LA × Age band × Sex, rolling year ending Q4 2025 (Jan-Dec 2025 calendar year). Counts are NEW NINo registrations to adult overseas nationals. Age is age at NINo registration, not age at arrival. The registration may follow arrival by months. 'Less than 18' is rare in this dataset because the published Ninos series is filtered to adult overseas nationals; values reflect young workers/claimants close to 18. 'Unknown' age is a small residual.
Why people are coming
For each of the top arriving nationalities in York, this is the national mix of visa routes used in 2025. It shows whether arrivals from that country are typically students, workers, on family routes (including refugee family reunion), or in some other category. Local-authority breakdowns of visa routes are not published, so we apply the national mix at nationality level.
India 222 in York (14.0%)
China 159 in York (10.0%)
Nepal 137 in York (8.6%)
Nigeria 124 in York (7.8%)
Spain 110 in York (6.9%)
Home Office, Immigration system statistics, year ending March 2026 (released 21 May 2026); Vis_D02 (Entry clearance visa outcomes by nationality, visa type, and outcome). Joined with DWP Stat-Xplore NINo registrations rolling year ending Q4 2025. Visa grants are issued at the point of entry-clearance application and are NOT the same population as NINo registrations. Visitor visas (2.24 million in 2025) do not lead to NINo and are excluded from the route-mix percentages so the Work / Study / Family / Other proportions are interpretable. Humanitarian routes (BN(O), Ukraine schemes, Resettlement, Asylum) are surfaced as national totals only because the same nationality split is not provided in this dataset. EU/EEA nationals largely fall outside entry-clearance for short stays, so their NINo flow is materially understated by visa data alone.
How York changed: 2011 to 2021
Two snapshots from two consecutive Censuses, ten years apart. Population changed from 198,051 in 2011 to 202,822 in 2021 (+2.4%). Non-UK-born residents went from 18,228 (9.2% of population) to 21,858 (10.8%).
Group 2011 2021 Change
UK-born 179,823 90.8% 180,964 89.2% +1,141
Ireland-born 807 0.4% 721 0.4% -86
EU pre-2001 (France, Germany, Italy, etc.) 3,480 1.8% 4,310 2.1% +830
EU 2001-2011 accession (Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, etc.) 2,982 1.5% 3,967 2% +985
Rest of World 10,959 5.5% 12,860 6.3% +1,901
Source: ONS Census 2011 KS204EW (NOMIS NM_611_1) and Census 2021 TS012 (NOMIS NM_2032_1), aligned to broad country-of-birth groups. 2011 data uses 2011 LA boundaries; 2021 data uses 2023 boundaries. LAs whose ONS code changed between Censuses (Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire, North Yorkshire, Somerset reorganisations) are not in this comparison.
Working and not working, by passport group
Census 2021 employment status of York residents aged 16 and over, by passport held. Three numbers shown per group:
- The first three columns sum to 100% for each row. Every adult is either in work, unemployed, or inactive.
- In work: share of all adults aged 16+ who have a paid job.
- Unemployed: share of all adults aged 16+ who are looking for work but do not have a job.
- Inactive: share of all adults aged 16+ who are not in the labour market. Includes retirees, full-time students, those looking after family, the long-term sick.
- Employment rate (last column): share of those who are trying to work (excluding full-time students) who have a job. Almost always higher than In Work because it leaves out everyone who is retired, raising kids, or in full-time study.
Passport group Pop 16+ In work Unemployed Inactive Employment rate
UK passport 142,624 58.8% 2.7% 38.5% 97.2%
Irish passport 771 57.3% 3.4% 39.3% 97.0%
EU member country passport 6,293 74.4% 4.2% 21.4% 96.1%
Rest of Europe (non-EU) 373 57.6% 6.4% 35.9% 91.7%
African passport 496 59.1% 7.1% 33.9% 92.3%
Middle East / Asian passport 3,440 35.5% 4.7% 59.8% 93.9%
Americas / Caribbean passport 971 58.1% 5.1% 36.8% 95.9%
Oceania / Antarctica passport 198 70.2% 2.0% 27.8% 97.8%
No passport held 16,917 28.3% 3.2% 68.5% 90.8%
ONS Census 2021 RM021, Economic activity status by passports held, by local authority district. NOMIS NM_2121_1. Stock measure on Census Day (21 March 2021). Passports-held is a proxy for nationality (UK = UK passport holder). Employment rate excludes full-time students from the denominator (the standard ONS definition). The 'inactive' category includes retirees, full-time students who do not work, those looking after family, long-term sick, and other reasons.
Schools, first language
Across 69 state-funded schools in York (27,772 pupils, 2024/25), 10.2% have a first language other than English.
Pupils with first language other than English2,575 (10.2%)
Pupils with first language English22,480 (88.9%)
Free school meals17.7%
Source: DfE Schools, Pupils and their Characteristics 2024/25, school-level data aggregated to district. EAL (English as Additional Language) is a household-level signal: children born in the UK to non-English-speaking households count as EAL.
Crime
Police-recorded crime rates per 1,000 population, Year ending March 2024. York ranks at the 46th percentile nationally for total crime rate.
Total crime / 1k72.2
Violent crime / 1k25.7
Theft / 1k27.4
ASB / 1k24.1
Drug offences / 1k2.0
Year-on-year +1.0%
ONS recorded crime by Community Safety Partnership area, year ending March 2024 (Home Office police recorded crime). LA-level rates are CSP rates inherited where multiple LAs share a CSP.. Police recorded crime is shaped by recording practice, reporting rates, and policing priority. Cross-area comparison must take account of those factors. Hate crime and quality-of-life detail are not in this file.
Adult social care
Council ASC spend, residential placements, and quality-of-life outcomes, 2023-24. Spend per head sits at the 41th percentile nationally.
Gross spend / head£445
Residential / 10k 65+116
NHS Digital ASCFR & SALT data tables 2023-24 (CASSR-level). Quality-of-life and DToC fields omitted (DToC discontinued post-COVID; ASCOF measures live in a separate publication).. ASC sits with upper-tier authorities only (counties, unitaries, London boroughs, mets); ~153 LAs in coverage and districts are not present. Spending is shaped by demographic composition, deprivation, and informal-care availability and direct cross-area comparison must control for those.
Health by ethnic group
Share reporting "not good health" in each of York's largest ethnic groups, Census 2021.
White 17.0%
White: English 17.4%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller 9.1%
ONS Census 2021 (RM043 - General health by ethnic group by age) via NOMIS. All ages, no age-standardisation: younger ethnic-group populations will show lower rates partly because they're younger, not necessarily because they're healthier. Group labels shortened for display.
Special educational needs
EHCPs and primary need breakdown, 2024-25 academic year. 5-year EHCP growth at the 77th percentile nationally.
EHCPs / 10k125
Total EHCPs2,538
5-yr growth +71.5%
DfE Special educational needs in England, academic year 2024/25 (sen_phase_type_.csv + sen_secondary_need_.csv).. EHCP responsibility sits with upper-tier authorities only, ~153 LAs in coverage. Rate-per-10k uses total LA population (Census 2021) as denominator since school-age population is not in the ethnic-projections feed; cross-LA comparison is therefore directional rather than absolute. Rising EHCP counts may reflect improved identification, changes in diagnostic criteria, increased parental awareness, or genuine prevalence change.
How NHS care for overseas residents is funded (national context)
Most non-UK residents in York pay for NHS care up-front through the Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS), which is added to most visa applications. Asylum seekers, refugees, ILR holders and Irish citizens are exempt. Visitors and undocumented residents are charged at 150% of the national NHS tariff. The figures below are England + Wales national totals; per-LA NHS cost-recovery is not centrally published.
Current IHS rate (adult, per year) £1,035
IHS rate, students/under-18s (per year) £776
IHS revenue 2024/25 (£m) £1,315.6m
Cumulative IHS revenue 2015–2024 £6.9bn
IHS rate history
- From 2015-04-06: £200/year adult, £150/year students/under-18s
- From 2019-01-08: £400/year adult, £300/year students/under-18s
- From 2020-10-27: £624/year adult, £470/year students/under-18s
- From 2024-02-06: £1035/year adult, £776/year students/under-18s
Indicative charges for visitors and undocumented residents
Maternity care is classified as "immediately necessary": it cannot be refused or delayed for charging, but it is invoiced afterwards at 150% of the NHS national tariff.
- Routine vaginal delivery, no complications: £3,000–£5,500
- Caesarean section: £5,000–£7,500
- Premature birth with NICU stay: £15,000–£30,000+
- Antenatal appointment: £150–£400 each
Sources: NHS (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Regulations 2015 (as amended); Home Office IHS caseworker guidance (Sept 2025); House of Commons Library briefing CBP-7274; NHS England NHS Payment Scheme (national tariff). Approximately 80% of identified overseas-visitor debt across all NHS treatment is uncollected (NAO, follow-up scrutiny).
Economic profile
Avg employment rate56.2%
Avg home ownership62.7%
Avg social rent13.3%
Degree or above37.1%
No qualifications12.7%
Housing
Composition today
How dwellings in York are occupied. Single-person households and houses in multiple occupation are the two cleanest signals.
Single-person discount take-up32.8%
Dwellings on 25% single-person discount28,295
HMO dwellings (Census 2021)2,048
HMOs per 1,000 population10.10
Sources: MHCLG Council Taxbase 2024 (CTB1, snapshot 7 October 2024) for single-person discount; ONS Census 2021 RM192 for HMO dwellings. HMO Census numbers reflect dwellings classified as HMO on Census Day; current licensing registers held by individual councils are not centrally published.
Tenure by ethnic group
Household ownership rates for York's largest ethnic groups, Census 2021.
White: owned 67.1%
White: English: owned 68.5%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller: owned 40.5%
ONS Census 2021 (RM134 - Tenure by ethnic group, Household Reference Persons) via NOMIS. Group labels shortened for display.
Tenure projection
Census 2021 tenure patterns by ethnicity, projected to 2041 from demographic composition change.
Ownership (2021)62.7%
Social rent (2021)13.3%
Private rent (2021)19.7%
Ownership (2041)61.5%
Social rent (2041)13.2%
Social rent change-0.1pp
High foreign-born population growth will drive additional housing demand, particularly in the private rented sector.
School demographics
DfE School Census 2024/25. 24,830 pupils.
White British pupils81.9%
Minority pupils18.1%
EAL growth (projected)+5.3pp
White British gap (school vs population)5.3pp
Schools are 5pp more diverse than the general population (schools show the future).
Westminster constituencies
Parliamentary constituencies overlapping York, sorted by share of LA postcodes the constituency covers.
Asylum and immigration data
Asylum seekers on support, hotel costs, grant rates, and the True Cost of Asylum for this area.
View York on Asylum Stats →