Cambridge
East of England · EnglandEthnic composition trajectory
Census 2011 and 2021 observed, Hamilton-Perry projections to 2061. Shaded band shows 80% confidence interval for White British share.
Ethnic composition, Cambridge
White British White Other Asian Black Mixed Other 80% CI
Ethnic composition: Cambridge
Census 2011, Census 2021, then Hamilton-Perry projections to 2051. Percentages.
White British White Other Asian Black Mixed Other
Two-model comparison: White British, 2051
±8.5pp spread Hamilton-Perry (HP) central 22.8% Cohort change ratios from Census 2011 to 2021. Demographic momentum only, no fertility convergence.
Cohort-component 31.3% Births by ethnicity-specific total fertility rate (TFR) with half-convergence to the national mean by 2061. Slower change.
Two independent models trained on the same Census base disagree by 8.5pp on White British share in Cambridge by 2051. HP captures observed 2011 to 2021 cohort dynamics. The cohort-component model adds explicit fertility assumptions that pull projections toward the national mean. The chart above shows HP. See the methodology for why both numbers are published.
Scenario explorer
Under different assumptions, White British share in Cambridge ranges from 31.6% to 38.9% by 2051: a 7.3pp spread.
Fertility
Low ~108k/yr
Principal ~315k/yr
High ~476k/yr
Constant Rates stay at current levels
Half convergence Move halfway to national avg
Full convergence Converge to national avg
Migration
Central scenario: WBI 34.4% by 2051
Diversity index
highly diverse Shannon entropy: 0.73 · Dissimilarity: 24.3
Religion
Census 2021 religious composition with projections to 2051.
Religious composition trajectory
Christian No religion Muslim Hindu
Country of birth
UK-born vs foreign-born share, with projection to 2051.
Nativity trajectory
UK-born Foreign-born
English proficiency
Census 2021
Main language English80.0%
Main language not English20.0%
Cannot speak English well1.5%
Cannot speak English at all0.2%
Total population 3+141,884
ONS Census 2021 (TS029) via NOMIS. Reference date 21 March 2021.
Projection
Projected non-English growth +21.5pp
NHS and council services will need increased interpreter/translation provision.
Service demand pressure
Ethnic change20/20
Asylum0/20
School0/20
Language0/20
Housing18/20
New arrivals (NINo registrations)
Adults from overseas registering for a National Insurance number, rolling year ending Oct-25 to Dec-25. Cambridge ranks at the 87th percentile nationally for total NINo registrations.
Registrations (rolling year)3,903
Year-on-year -9.0%
NationalityRegistrationsShare
India 884 22.6%
China 597 15.3%
United States 259 6.6%
Nigeria 190 4.9%
Pakistan 183 4.7%
Germany 123 3.2%
Turkey 99 2.5%
Kenya 96 2.5%
Canada 86 2.2%
Hong Kong 79 2.0%
DWP National Insurance number allocations to adult overseas nationals (Stat-Xplore NINO database).. NINo registrations measure new arrivals into the National Insurance system, not total foreign-born population. A NINo is allocated when an overseas national requests one, usually to start work or claim benefits, so the figure misses students and dependants who never enter the labour market. Small (LA × nationality) cells are suppressed by Stat-Xplore for disclosure control.
Arrivals over the last 24 years
Annual NINo registrations to adults from overseas in Cambridge from 2002 to 2025, alongside the UK total for context. The peak year was 2022 (6,526 registrations). Total over the full period: 91,630 registrations.
DWP Stat-Xplore, NINO Registrations to Adult Overseas Nationals Entering the UK (Ninos cube), aggregated per calendar year by summing the four constituent quarters. Geography: ONS LA codes. Counts are NEW NINo registrations per calendar year. A NINo is issued once per person at the point of first work or claim, so this is a flow measure, not a stock. People who arrive but never register (some students, dependants, retirees) are excluded. Late registrations show in a later year than the year of arrival. Pre-2010 figures used a different administrative system; series is comparable but small methodological revisions to the early years are possible.
Who is arriving
Age and sex profile of 4,050 NINo registrations to adults from overseas in Cambridge in 2025. National comparison shown alongside.
Age at registration
Cambridge UK marker
Sex
Male share is 2.7pp lower than the UK average (54.4%).
DWP Stat-Xplore Ninos cube, LA × Age band × Sex, rolling year ending Q4 2025 (Jan-Dec 2025 calendar year). Counts are NEW NINo registrations to adult overseas nationals. Age is age at NINo registration, not age at arrival. The registration may follow arrival by months. 'Less than 18' is rare in this dataset because the published Ninos series is filtered to adult overseas nationals; values reflect young workers/claimants close to 18. 'Unknown' age is a small residual.
Why people are coming
For each of the top arriving nationalities in Cambridge, this is the national mix of visa routes used in 2025. It shows whether arrivals from that country are typically students, workers, on family routes (including refugee family reunion), or in some other category. Local-authority breakdowns of visa routes are not published, so we apply the national mix at nationality level.
India 884 in Cambridge (22.6%)
China 597 in Cambridge (15.3%)
United States 259 in Cambridge (6.6%)
No entry-clearance visa data. United States is non-visa-national or in the Common Travel Area, so visa-route mix is not informative for this country. NINo flow is the better signal.
Nigeria 190 in Cambridge (4.9%)
Pakistan 183 in Cambridge (4.7%)
Home Office, Immigration system statistics, year ending March 2026 (released 21 May 2026); Vis_D02 (Entry clearance visa outcomes by nationality, visa type, and outcome). Joined with DWP Stat-Xplore NINo registrations rolling year ending Q4 2025. Visa grants are issued at the point of entry-clearance application and are NOT the same population as NINo registrations. Visitor visas (2.24 million in 2025) do not lead to NINo and are excluded from the route-mix percentages so the Work / Study / Family / Other proportions are interpretable. Humanitarian routes (BN(O), Ukraine schemes, Resettlement, Asylum) are surfaced as national totals only because the same nationality split is not provided in this dataset. EU/EEA nationals largely fall outside entry-clearance for short stays, so their NINo flow is materially understated by visa data alone.
How Cambridge changed: 2011 to 2021
Two snapshots from two consecutive Censuses, ten years apart. Population changed from 123,867 in 2011 to 145,676 in 2021 (+17.6%). Non-UK-born residents went from 36,381 (29.4% of population) to 55,288 (38.0%).
Group 2011 2021 Change
UK-born 87,486 70.6% 90,388 62% +2,902
Ireland-born 1,181 1% 1,109 0.8% -72
EU pre-2001 (France, Germany, Italy, etc.) 7,776 6.3% 13,915 9.6% +6,139
EU 2001-2011 accession (Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, etc.) 5,341 4.3% 8,000 5.5% +2,659
Rest of World 22,083 17.8% 32,264 22.1% +10,181
Source: ONS Census 2011 KS204EW (NOMIS NM_611_1) and Census 2021 TS012 (NOMIS NM_2032_1), aligned to broad country-of-birth groups. 2011 data uses 2011 LA boundaries; 2021 data uses 2023 boundaries. LAs whose ONS code changed between Censuses (Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire, North Yorkshire, Somerset reorganisations) are not in this comparison.
Working and not working, by passport group
Census 2021 employment status of Cambridge residents aged 16 and over, by passport held. Three numbers shown per group:
- The first three columns sum to 100% for each row. Every adult is either in work, unemployed, or inactive.
- In work: share of all adults aged 16+ who have a paid job.
- Unemployed: share of all adults aged 16+ who are looking for work but do not have a job.
- Inactive: share of all adults aged 16+ who are not in the labour market. Includes retirees, full-time students, those looking after family, the long-term sick.
- Employment rate (last column): share of those who are trying to work (excluding full-time students) who have a job. Almost always higher than In Work because it leaves out everyone who is retired, raising kids, or in full-time study.
Passport group Pop 16+ In work Unemployed Inactive Employment rate
UK passport 79,601 55.0% 2.6% 42.4% 96.7%
Irish passport 1,441 63.6% 2.0% 34.4% 97.5%
EU member country passport 20,319 73.5% 3.1% 23.4% 97.2%
Rest of Europe (non-EU) 1,292 64.2% 3.6% 32.2% 95.8%
African passport 1,224 55.9% 8.2% 35.9% 92.0%
Middle East / Asian passport 8,813 50.1% 3.7% 46.2% 96.3%
Americas / Caribbean passport 3,540 64.0% 3.3% 32.7% 96.2%
Oceania / Antarctica passport 797 63.9% 1.9% 34.3% 98.1%
No passport held 7,730 29.2% 4.0% 66.8% 88.7%
ONS Census 2021 RM021, Economic activity status by passports held, by local authority district. NOMIS NM_2121_1. Stock measure on Census Day (21 March 2021). Passports-held is a proxy for nationality (UK = UK passport holder). Employment rate excludes full-time students from the denominator (the standard ONS definition). The 'inactive' category includes retirees, full-time students who do not work, those looking after family, long-term sick, and other reasons.
Schools, first language
Across 59 state-funded schools in Cambridge (23,114 pupils, 2024/25), 34.8% have a first language other than English. The published Cambridgeshire-wide upper-tier figure is much lower because it averages every district in the county; this is the genuine Cambridge number.
Pupils with first language other than English5,293 (34.8%)
Pupils with first language English9,789 (64.4%)
Free school meals17.4%
Source: DfE Schools, Pupils and their Characteristics 2024/25, school-level data aggregated to district. EAL (English as Additional Language) is a household-level signal: children born in the UK to non-English-speaking households count as EAL.
Crime
Police-recorded crime rates per 1,000 population, Year ending March 2024. Cambridge ranks at the 79th percentile nationally for total crime rate.
Total crime / 1k103.3
Violent crime / 1k27.8
Theft / 1k48.4
ASB / 1k14.4
Drug offences / 1k2.3
Year-on-year +6.2%
ONS recorded crime by Community Safety Partnership area, year ending March 2024 (Home Office police recorded crime). LA-level rates are CSP rates inherited where multiple LAs share a CSP.. Police recorded crime is shaped by recording practice, reporting rates, and policing priority. Cross-area comparison must take account of those factors. Hate crime and quality-of-life detail are not in this file.
Adult social care
Adult social care for Cambridge residents is delivered by Cambridgeshire County Council. Figures below are the county-wide ASC profile.
Council ASC spend, residential placements, and quality-of-life outcomes, 2023-24. Spend per head sits at the 0th percentile nationally.
NHS Digital ASCFR & SALT data tables 2023-24 (CASSR-level). Quality-of-life and DToC fields omitted (DToC discontinued post-COVID; ASCOF measures live in a separate publication).. ASC sits with upper-tier authorities only (counties, unitaries, London boroughs, mets); ~153 LAs in coverage and districts are not present. Spending is shaped by demographic composition, deprivation, and informal-care availability and direct cross-area comparison must control for those.
Health by ethnic group
Share reporting "not good health" in each of Cambridge's largest ethnic groups, Census 2021.
White 14.1%
White: English 16.9%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller 6.8%
ONS Census 2021 (RM043 - General health by ethnic group by age) via NOMIS. All ages, no age-standardisation: younger ethnic-group populations will show lower rates partly because they're younger, not necessarily because they're healthier. Group labels shortened for display.
How NHS care for overseas residents is funded (national context)
Most non-UK residents in Cambridge pay for NHS care up-front through the Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS), which is added to most visa applications. Asylum seekers, refugees, ILR holders and Irish citizens are exempt. Visitors and undocumented residents are charged at 150% of the national NHS tariff. The figures below are England + Wales national totals; per-LA NHS cost-recovery is not centrally published.
Current IHS rate (adult, per year) £1,035
IHS rate, students/under-18s (per year) £776
IHS revenue 2024/25 (£m) £1,315.6m
Cumulative IHS revenue 2015–2024 £6.9bn
IHS rate history
- From 2015-04-06: £200/year adult, £150/year students/under-18s
- From 2019-01-08: £400/year adult, £300/year students/under-18s
- From 2020-10-27: £624/year adult, £470/year students/under-18s
- From 2024-02-06: £1035/year adult, £776/year students/under-18s
Indicative charges for visitors and undocumented residents
Maternity care is classified as "immediately necessary": it cannot be refused or delayed for charging, but it is invoiced afterwards at 150% of the NHS national tariff.
- Routine vaginal delivery, no complications: £3,000–£5,500
- Caesarean section: £5,000–£7,500
- Premature birth with NICU stay: £15,000–£30,000+
- Antenatal appointment: £150–£400 each
Sources: NHS (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Regulations 2015 (as amended); Home Office IHS caseworker guidance (Sept 2025); House of Commons Library briefing CBP-7274; NHS England NHS Payment Scheme (national tariff). Approximately 80% of identified overseas-visitor debt across all NHS treatment is uncollected (NAO, follow-up scrutiny).
Economic profile
Avg employment rate49.8%
Avg home ownership36.6%
Avg social rent18.3%
Degree or above46.7%
No qualifications7.8%
Housing
Composition today
How dwellings in Cambridge are occupied. Single-person households and houses in multiple occupation are the two cleanest signals.
Single-person discount take-up32.6%
Dwellings on 25% single-person discount18,287
HMO dwellings (Census 2021)2,243
HMOs per 1,000 population15.40
Sources: MHCLG Council Taxbase 2024 (CTB1, snapshot 7 October 2024) for single-person discount; ONS Census 2021 RM192 for HMO dwellings. HMO Census numbers reflect dwellings classified as HMO on Census Day; current licensing registers held by individual councils are not centrally published.
Tenure by ethnic group
Household ownership rates for Cambridge's largest ethnic groups, Census 2021.
White: owned 48.1%
White: English: owned 54.1%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller: owned 30.9%
ONS Census 2021 (RM134 - Tenure by ethnic group, Household Reference Persons) via NOMIS. Group labels shortened for display.
Tenure projection
Census 2021 tenure patterns by ethnicity, projected to 2041 from demographic composition change.
Ownership (2021)36.6%
Social rent (2021)18.3%
Private rent (2021)27.9%
Ownership (2041)30.7%
Social rent (2041)16%
Social rent change-2.3pp
High foreign-born population growth will drive additional housing demand, particularly in the private rented sector.
Westminster constituencies
Parliamentary constituencies overlapping Cambridge, sorted by share of LA postcodes the constituency covers.
Asylum and immigration data
Asylum seekers on support, hotel costs, grant rates, and the True Cost of Asylum for this area.
View Cambridge on Asylum Stats →